{"id":55959,"date":"2019-09-16T08:28:27","date_gmt":"2019-09-16T08:28:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/copealcoi.es\/?p=55959"},"modified":"2019-09-16T08:28:27","modified_gmt":"2019-09-16T08:28:27","slug":"modernistes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.copealcoy.es\/es\/modernistes\/","title":{"rendered":"Modernistes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Article d&#8217;Opini\u00f3 de Diego Fern\u00e1ndez, Professor de Geografia i Hist\u00f2ria<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A Alcoi, a cavall entre els segles XIX i XX, el benefici empresarial gravitava sobre jornades extenuants i salaris de fam. L\u2019horari oscil\u00b7lava entre les 9 i les 12 hores, per\u00f2 podia allargar-se fins a les 18. El sou era d\u2019entre 12 i 16 reals (de 2 a 3 c\u00e8ntims d\u2019euro). Les dones i els xiquets dedicaven pr\u00e0cticament el mateix temps, per\u00f2 elles cobraven un ter\u00e7 i els seus fills, des dels 6 anys, i les seues filles, des dels 8, una quarta i fins a una cinquena part.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Una sobreexplotaci\u00f3 sostinguda gr\u00e0cies a l\u2019exist\u00e8ncia d\u2019un enorme ex\u00e8rcit proletari de reserva, alimentat pels migrants de les poblacions ve\u00efnes. A diari aplegaven a la ciutat nombrosos treballadors, fugint de morir d\u2019inanici\u00f3 al camp. A m\u00e9s, no es cobrava tot l\u2019any, les sequeres i les crisis de producci\u00f3 suposaven l\u2019atur for\u00e7at i no remunerat.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El mateix succe\u00efa quan alg\u00fa es posava malalt. A les f\u00e0briques i tallers, els espais eren molt redu\u00efts, mal ventilats (en especial a la ind\u00fastria paperera) i amb excessiva humitat. Els accidents eren freq\u00fcents, sobretot entre els xiquets, ven\u00e7uts pel cansament i la son. Les mutilacions, les afeccions de l\u2019aparell respiratori, del circulatori i de les vies digestives estaven a l\u2019ordre del dia. Perqu\u00e8, segons la governativa Comissi\u00f3 de Reformes Socials \u201cper a l\u2019alimentaci\u00f3 de l\u2019obrer sols queden subst\u00e0ncies insuficients i l\u2019importa una bleda si tenen triquina o fil\u00b7loxera\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">I tot aix\u00f2 en una ciutat superpoblada, on es veien obligats a viure en porqueres. Unes llars \u00ednfimes i cares on els esperava una alimentaci\u00f3 escassa. Les antigues cases preindustrials van cr\u00e9ixer en vertical per convertir-se en edificis d\u2019habitatges de lloguer per peces, on els treballadors vivien amuntonats i en condicions insalubres.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Els barris obrers arribaren a densitats de 2.000 i 2.500 habitants per hect\u00e0rea.\u00a0Menjaven fonamentalment pa negre i alguns vegetals, per\u00f2 la carn no la provaven en mesos. El consum d\u2019alcohol, en canvi, era molt elevant. I, a m\u00e9s, feien front a uns impostos desorbitats, especialment el de consums. La mera subsist\u00e8ncia era una hero\u00efcitat. Havien de rec\u00f3rrer a empenyorar la roba, els matalassos, els llen\u00e7ols, les enag\u00fces, el bolquers, les culleres o les forquetes a usurers que cobraven interessos anuals d\u2019entre el 50 i el 80%.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">El desenvolupament econ\u00f2mic de la ciutat no va suposar cap millora en el benestar de la immensa majoria de la poblaci\u00f3. Perqu\u00e8 els amos de les f\u00e0briques basaren la seua riquesa en sotmetre els treballadors fins exprimir-los.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ni tan sols les petites millores salarials, arrencades per la lluita obrera, aconseguiren augmentar el nivell de vida. Les peculiars caracter\u00edstiques del proc\u00e9s d\u2019industrialitzaci\u00f3 i urbanitzaci\u00f3 de la ciutat van mantenir la mortalitat per sobre del 30 per mil, amb pics del 35 (en l\u2019actualitat \u00e9s del 9\u2030 en un poblaci\u00f3 molt m\u00e9s envellida). L\u2019estatura mitjana, fins i tot, va caure cap a finals de segle XIX. I els indicador no milloraran fins a ben entrat el segle XX, com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de la inversi\u00f3 en infraestructures sanit\u00e0ries, tot i que molt deficients.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aquesta setmana podr\u00edem dedicar al menys cinc minuts a recordar els nostres avantpassats, quan desfilem per Sant Nicolau o entrem a sopar al \u2018C\u00edrculo\u2019 disfressats de burgesos. Perqu\u00e8 de tot a\u00e7\u00f2 no ens parlaran. La fira modernista no \u00e9s cap representaci\u00f3 hist\u00f2rica. \u00c9s una estrat\u00e8gia encara m\u00e9s vella. Es tracta d&#8217;un circ, d&#8217;una fira de vanitats. Un espectacle per esborrar el nostre passat i, pel mateix preu, intentar fer-nos oblidar per uns dies el nostre present. Exorcitzant la realitat d&#8217;una ciutat m\u00e9s pobra que la mitjana, amb pitjor sanitat que la resta i amb l&#8217;educaci\u00f3 p\u00fablica ben maltractada.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Article d&#8217;Opini\u00f3 de Diego Fern\u00e1ndez, Professor de Geografia i Hist\u00f2ria A Alcoi, a cavall entre els segles XIX i XX,&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":49184,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[87],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-opinion"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Modernistes - COPE Alcoy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.copealcoy.es\/es\/modernistes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Modernistes - 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